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A Review of the Novel Antidiabetic Medications: Efficacy, Safety and Innovation
(Bentham Science Publishers, 2023-04-14) Sepideh Parchami Ghazaee; Viktor Tumanov; Natalia Voloshyna; Kateryna Marchenko-Tolsta; Murtaza Hameed
ntroduction: Type 2 diabetes is a chronic health condition affecting hundreds of millions of people. Type 2 diabetes has traditionally been combated with a combination of lifestyle modification, insulin therapy and pharmacological agents, including sulfonylureas, biguanides, thiazolidinediones and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. Type 2 diabetes is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and the development of diabetic kidney disease. Although sulfonylureas are low-cost drugs and widely prescribed, they have been shown in recent cardiovascular outcome trials to present a high risk of hypoglycemia, which in turn increases the risk of negative cardiovascular outcomes. Metformin, a biguanide that is the most commonly-prescribed antidiabetic agent worldwide, is contraindicated in patients with risk factors for lactic acidosis, including heart failure and chronic kidney disease. Objectives: The last decade has seen significant advances in the development of novel antidiabetic agents shown to possess both reno- and cardioprotective qualities. This article aims to review the available literature and recent studies demonstrating the efficacy and safety of these agents individually, as well as exploring areas of future development in the field. Methods: The reporting of this review is based on the 2020 PRISMA statement. A literature search for all papers related to antidiabetic medication was conducted using reliable sources such PubMed and Google Scholar Databases, including a recent meta-analysis of renal and cardiovascular outcome trials. Conclusion: A critical analysis of clinical trials on type 2 diabetes and the two most severe comorbidities in cardiovascular and chronic kidney diseases may help cardiologists, urologists and diabetes specialists to adapt their therapeutic approaches to individual patients. Data related to antidiabetic effects of agents of natural origin accompanied by their Cardioprotective and renoprotective capacity testify benefits of these compounds as novel therapeutic agents.
A Systematic Review of the Novel Targeted Immunobiological Medications in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Efficacy, Safety, and Innovation
(Bentham Science Publishers, 2024-03-28) Sepideh Parchami Ghazaee; Kateryna Marchenko-Tolsta; Petro Sereda; Murtaza Hameed; Sandra Lane
Introduction: Over the last half-century, the treatment and management of autoimmune rheumatic diseases have progressively improved, particularly with the contribution of immunobiological or biological therapies known as disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Although these agents have been generally efficient in the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), some patients experience limited efficacy and non-responsiveness to treatment. In addition, they may cause adverse clinical effects, further aggravating the disease. Objectives: Despite advancements in biological therapies, significant clinical needs persist. This review aims to discuss novel treatments, guiding future guidelines and drug discoveries for rheumatoid arthritis. Methods: This review follows the 2020 PRISMA statement, utilising PubMed and Google Scholar for literature search and emphasizing recent meta-analyses on the safety and efficacy of targeted immunobiological medications. Results: Small molecule inhibitors, whether utilised independently or in conjunction with Methotrexate, have been shown to contribute to effective disease management and have the potential for better adherence to the American College of Rheumatology criteria. Tocilizumab therapy demonstrates a significant reduction in disease activity and improves rates of disease remission when combined with Methotrexate. Investigations of mesenchymal stromal cell therapies have had promising outcomes, improving both cartilage quality (as evaluated by Macroscopic Cartilage Repair Assessment) and joint tenderness and swelling in clinical joint counts. Intra-articular administration of tolerogenic dendritic cells has displayed a capacity to alleviate pain, as measured by Visual Analog Scale scores, and enhance the Disease Activity Score across 28 joints. Resveratrol capsules supplemented with allopathic therapy show potential in reducing TNF-α and interleukin-6 serum levels. Conclusion: More investigations and their analysis will improve patient outcomes and reduce adverse effects and the costs involved in developing and obtaining immunobiological drugs. Moreover, assessing the safety and efficacy of anti-RA properties of the bioactive compounds could offer less toxic and more cost-effective natural treatment options.
ANALYSIS OF THE APPLICATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL PREPARATIONS BY STUDENTS OF THE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
(Sole proprietorship -Gulyaeva V.М., 2021-03-27) Parchami Ghazaee Sepideh; Nikolaievska Yelyzaveta; Hryshkov Mykola; Tumanov Viktor
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES OF PHYTOCONSTITUENTS IN MANAGING RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
(LLC UKRLOGOS Group, 2024-05-12) Parchami Ghazaee Sepideh; Marchenko-TolstaKateryna; Novykova Larisa; Hryshkov Mykola
Combining phytochemicals with conventional therapy may create a synergistic, anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effect in treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA), while potentially mitigating the associated toxicity
Antimonium crudum in pediatric skin conditions: A classical homeopathic case series
(John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2020-12-16) Mahesh Seema; Kozymenko Tamara; Kolomiiets Nataliia; Vithoulkas George
Homeopathic Antimonium crudum may be useful in many pediatric skin conditions if prescribed on symptom similarity. It may especially be helpful in reducing the use of antibiotics and steroids in this age-group if proven to be effective through larger scientific studies
APPLICATION OF INNOVATIVE EDUCATIONAL METHODS IN TEACHING MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL DISCIPLINES
(RS Global Sp. z O.O., Poland, 2024-06-09) Новикова Лариса Георгіївна; Марченко-Толста Катерина Сергіївна; Білан Ольга Анатоліївна
The article examines the peculiarities of the generation of modern students and teachers involved in the educational process from the point of view of generational theory and modern ideas about general and professional competencies in medical/pharmaceutical higher education. Innovative approaches and methods, and modern educational technologies used in teaching medical and pharmaceutical disciplines are summarised, and the prospects for transition to a new design of the educational space are analyzed.
AREVIEWOFTHEANTICANCERNATURALPRODUCTS:ALKALOIDS,FLAVONOIDS
(ДрукарняФОПГуляєваВ.М., 2022-09-05) Ghazaee Parchami; Kateryna Marchenko-Tolsta
According to the international agency for research on cancer 1 in 5 people develop cancer during their lifetime, suggesting that more than 50 million people are living within five years of a past cancer diagnosis (World Health Organization (WHO, 2020, para. 1). Despite novel approaches like nanomedicine, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy in cancer treatments during the last decades, chemoresistance has remained the chief hurdle in eliminating cancerous cells (Elgendy , Alyammahi & Alhamad, 2020, p. 103095). About 9 out of 10 cancer deaths are due to spreading of cancer cells from the primary tumor mass towards close and far tissues (a process called metastasis). Treatment failure followed by consequent recurrence of cancer cells and metastasis is the leading cause of death. Many survivors suffer from serious acute or chronic complications after cancer therapy (Qian, Mei, & Zhang, 2017, p.38). Furthermore, chemotherapy commonly induces a variety of side-effects in patients as a result of nonspecific action against both normal cells and cancerous cells. For instance, chemotherapeutic drugs result in alopecia by affecting not only fast dividing cancer cells, but hair follicles as well. Nausea and vomiting are the most common symptoms induced by chemotherapy, with gastrointestinal symptoms including diarrhea (and in some cases constipation) being another common side effect. Chemotherapy is also known to impair immune function and bone marrow activity (Li et al., 2020, p.599073). The identification of approved doses of anticancer drugs is another point to be given careful attention, especially those with higher cost and administered for a longer duration. Larger doses of chemotherapeutic drugs may increase the risk and severity of the aforementioned side effects, and are not cost-saving. Therefore, phytomedicines should be considered as an option not only for adjuvant therapy, but also in view of their comparatively low toxicity and ability to diminish adverse effects of chemotherapy in cancer patients. Natural products and their derivatives can be used as novel therapeutic interventions with improved pharmacological properties targeting tumor cells (Meriggi & Zaniboni, 2020, pp.1–11).
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVE SUBSTANCES OF NATURAL ORIGIN AND RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, PREVENTION OR TREATMENT?
(ФОП Гуляєва В.М., 2023-05-23) Ghazaee Parchami; Kateryna Marchenko-Tolsta
According to population-based studies, the global prevalence of RA between 1980 and 2019 was 460 per 100,000 population. Trend analysis showed that RA was observed more in developed countries than developing countries (Almutairi, 2020, pp. 863-877). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the symptomatic treatment options for RA. However, these medications are known to have multiple adverse effects including nephrotoxicity, gastrointestinal bleeding and ulceration, increasing blood pressure and the risk of first hospitalization due to congestive heart failure. Conventional disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are usually the first choice to diminish disability and improve long-term outcomes for people with RA. Biologics are much more costly than other subsets of DMARDs, they are commonly used as partial responders to traditional DMARDs. Although the combination of biologics and traditional DMARDs has demonstrated improved efficacy, the potential benefits and harms (such as cancer and infections) are still controversial. However, in spite of applying aggressive pharmacologic treatment regimens early in disease onset, complete clinical remission is not achieved (Guo et al., 2018, p.15). Although biological medications seem to effectively target molecular pathways involved in the inflammatory process of RA, there is a lack of long-term safety data regarding their use. Various investigations have demonstrated an increased prevalence in the use of herbal medicine in developing countries. Interestingly, a rise in the prevalence of herbs used as complementary and alternative medicine among chronic disease patients has been reported in recent years. The anti-inflammatory properties of some herbal products are well-known and they have fewer unwanted effects than existing anti-inflammatory medications. As such, herbs and their derivatives constitute a promising arena in novel medical therapies. Furthermore, the cost-effectiveness of natural products has been explored and summarized by high quality studies. Certain phytochemicals are considered to inhibit the release of inflammatory molecules to suppress inflammatory responses (Gandhi et al., 2022, pp.1-15). is the precursor of ellagitannin and has been reported to be the most active polyphenol obtained from different parts of the pomegranate tree (Punica granatum Linn.). Methanolic (and ethanolic) pomegranate peels extract contains a high amount of bioactive compounds including punicalagin (10-50 mg∕g) ( Xu et al., 2021, pp.1-12). Historically, seeds and juices are believed to have been taken as supplements to reduce the clinical symptoms of RA (Singh, Singh, & Mahajan, 2020, pp. 1306-1327). Marques and coauthors (2016) have already revealed that Punicalagin diminished TNF α and interleukin (IL) 6 secretion in macrophages and primary human chondrocytes with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflamed RAW264.7. (Marques et al., 2016, pp- 463-1467). Anthocyanins have been shown to represent potent anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-obesity and immunomodulatory activity. (Salehi et al., 2020, pp.1-20). Min and coauthors (2015) reported inhibitory effect of ACNs on osteoclasts via the downregulation of cytokines including IL-1, IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-α in vitro. the study showed EA reduced cartilage destruction, synovial hyperplasia and bone erosion generated by Freund’s adjuvant. Significant suppression of caspase-3 expression in models treated with EA testifies to the anti-apoptotic property of this biologic compound (Fikry, Gad, & Eid, 2019, pp. 878–886).
CARDIOTROPIC INFLUENCE OF SYNTHETIC AND GENETICALLY-ENGINEERED SUPPRESSORS IN RATS WITH EXPERIMENTAL RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS COMBINED WITH ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION
(Світ медицини та біології, 2020) Seredynska N.M.; Korniyenko V.I.; Marchenko-Tolsta K.S.; Bobrytska O.M.; Ladohubets O.V.; Duchenko K.A.
Significant progress in rheumatoid arthritis pharmacotherapy is associated with the implementation of synthetic–derived immunosuppressors and genetically engineered (biological) drugs) into clinical practice. Arterial hypertension, like rheumatoid arthritis, is accompanied by producing a large amount of inflammatory cytokines, namely TNF–ά. The purpose of the work was to study the cardiotropic effects of leflunomide and etanercept against the background of experimental rheumatoid arthritis associated with arterial hypertension in rats. Experiments on mature adult, non-linear white rats found that leflunomide and etanercept did not affect the degree of hypertension against the background of adjuvant arthritis, but manifested an antihypertensive effect when used in adjuvant arthritis combined with arterial hypertension. Leflunomide leads to an increase in heart rate by 5–10.4% at different terms of observation, both against the background of adjuvant arthritis only and under the combined pathology conditions. Etanercept, when used against adjuvant arthritis, causes bradycardia but prevents the development of tachycardia, which is detected in untreated animals with a comorbid condition during manifestation and attenuation of the inflammatory process. The study findings may be relevant for development of new approaches to the treatment of rheumatic and cardiac pathology.
COMMUNITIES AND ATTITUDES ON THE USE OF HERBAL REMEDIES IN THE TREATMENT OF COVID-19: A REVIEW
(SCIENTIFIC-DISCUSSION, 2024-07-06) Parchami Ghazaee S.; Marchenko-Tolsta K.; Novykova L.; Hameed M.
The established antiviral properties exhibited by certain medicinal plants, coupled with additional advantages such as minimal adverse effects and cost-effectiveness, have elicited a heightened inclination among the public towards natural therapies for the management of diseases. Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, anecdotal reports from residents across seven countries in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) underscore the inclination of healthcare professionals and spiritual leaders to recommend specific medicinal plant interventions. Notably, Zin- giber officinale, Curcuma angustifolia, and Allium sativum emerge as frequently cited species employed by com- munities in Nepal, with Zingiber officinale Rosc., honey (Mel), garlic (Allium sativum L.), and perilla (Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt.) being prevalent herbal remedies in Vietnamese communities, especially for addressing res- piratory symptoms associated with COVID-19. The observed self-administration of these herbal medicines may serve as a catalyst, motivating researchers within the pharmaceutical industry to conduct comprehensive scientific assessments to validate their efficacy, reliability, and optimal dosage.
Exploring Phytotherapy's Preventive and Therapeutic Impact on Global COVID-19 Management: A Narrative Review
(Bentham Science Publishers, 2024-04-22) Sepideh Parchami Ghazaee; Petro Sereda; Kateryna Marchenko-Tolsta; Murtaza Hameed
Introduction: The WHO Emergency Committee advocates preventive strategies for COVID-19 management, emphasising vaccines as highly effective but acknowledging their limitations. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, initially effective against COVID-19, were discontinued due to severe side effects. Further clinical trials are imperative to establish the safety and efficacy of new antiviral agents, some of which may have harmful effects on human development. Objectives: The shortcomings of various conventional treatments have prompted urgent efforts to discover safe, natural compounds that may be useful in combating COVID-19. This study aims to review research that has investigated the potential of traditional phytotherapies used by different populations for the prevention and symptomatic treatment of COVID-19 infection. Methods: This paper reviewed scientific studies published through searching on search engines such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect and Elsevier from May until October 2023. Results: The preventive and anti-COVID-19 attributes of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ayurvedic formulations and African medicinal plants have been substantiated in research. In Nepal, recommendations endorse the utilisation of medicinal plants for herbal teas and homemade sanitizers. Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa L. and Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb., along with Camellia sinensis are crucial Indonesian medicinal plants with potential for treating COVID-19. Z. officinale was predominantly chosen for relieving coughs and sore throats associated with COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia. Discussion: The immunomodulatory properties of medicinal plants, which may prove useful in combating COVID-19, have been verified via elevation of the level of peripheral WBCs, IgM, IgG; inhibition of leukotrienes and prostaglandins, maintenance of the integrity of intestinal mucosal barrier and regulation of HMGB1. The antiviral effects of herbs, including the inhibition of viral DNA and RNA replication, down-regulation of oxidative stress, and the impediment of SARS-CoV-2 access to vascular endothelial cells, suggest their potential to facilitate earlier recovery from COVID-19 infection. Conclusion: Advancing scientific research in phytotherapy promises the possibility of novel approaches for effectively managing future infectious diseases and pandemics.
IMPACT OF PHARMACOGENOMICS ON PHARMACOKINETIC OF BETA BLOCKERS
(P.C. Publishing House», United Kingdom, 2024-07-29) Zolotaikina Marharyta; Fedorytenko Roman; Kurmanska Larysa; Kirkilevska Liudmila
Beta adrenergic blockers (β‐blockers) antagonize beta-1, beta-2 adrenergic receptors, and have been widely used for cardiovascular therapy, as well as treatment of disorders such as anxiety, thyrotoxicosis and glaucoma.
METHODS TO MOTIVATE REMOTE TEACHERS IN A PANDEMIC ENVIRONMENT
(RS Global Sp. z OO, 2021-04-17) Лозова Олена Василівна; Білан Ольга Анатоліївна; Новикова Лариса Георгіївна; Марченко-Толста Катерина Сергіївна
The article examines the factors that affect the success of university remote teachers in a pandemic environment, the importance of maintaining the work motivation of teachers to ensure high performance e-learning, and the need for joint efforts by teachers and university administration to prevent professional burnout and maintain a sense of belonging to the team
MODERN APPROACHES TO DEVELOPMENT OF NANO-SYSTEMS FOR DRUG DELIVERY/ СУЧАСНІ ПІДХОДИ ДО РОЗРОБКИ НАНОСИСТЕМ ДОСТАВКИ ЛІКІВ
(RS Global Sp. z OO, 2020-06-30) Брубейкер І. О.; Білан О. А; Марченко-Толста К. С.
The review investigates the latest developments in the field of application of nanotechnologies in the transportation of therapeutic agents, features and the advantages of using nanoscale drug delivery systems for the treatment of diseases, as well as further prospects of using this field in medicine. Modern drug delivery systems are characterized by targetorientation, rapid response to the environment and the use of biocompatible and biodegradable nanomaterials which allow for the development of the next generation of more effective drugs. Interdisciplinary research in this fast-growing field provides opportunities to design and develop multifunctional devices that can accurately target and successfully administer the release and distribution of active ingredients in the body.
NOVEL AGENTS FOR THE TREATMENT OF ASTHMA
(Sole proprietorship -Gulyaeva V.М., 2021-04-18) Parchami Ghazaee Sepideh; Voloshyna Nataliia; Hameed Murtaza
NOVEL AGENTS FOR THE TREATMENT OF HEART FAILURE
(ФОП Гуляєва В.М., 2021-06-14) Ghazaee Sepideh Parchami; Murtaza Hameed
NOVEL AGENTS FOR TREATMENT OF HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS
(Sole proprietorship -Gulyaeva V.М., 2021-03-04) Parchami Ghazaee Sepideh; Tumanov Viktor; Hamed Rezayatmand
NOVEL THERAPEUTIC AGENTS IN CONSTIPATION
(Sole proprietorship -Gulyaeva V.М., 2020-05-18) Парчамі Газае Сепіде
Gastrointestinal (GI) disease is prevalent and considered for a large number of death worldwide. Recently many new drugs are developed to treat one of the common GI disorders, functional constipation. Linaclotide is a secretagogue agent, an agonist of the guanylate cyclase-C receptor. It is a safe and effective drug with diarrhea as the main side effect (Bassotti, 2018). Prucalopride is a prokinetic agent newly approved in Canada and by the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) for treating chronic idiopathic constipation. Prucalopriderepresents its effect by stimulating 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 (5-HT4), increasing GI motility in large bowl, accelerating gastric emptying and improving small bowel movement. Efficacy and safety of this drug is documented by different clinical trials. Prucalopride has also shown efficacy in pediatric constipation(Voelker, 2019; Tameez, 2019). Lubiprostone is another approved drug by FDA. It affects luminal GI epitheliumchloride channels, exhibits influx of chloride ions and water into the lumen, increasing intestinal motility represents anti constipation effect. Several randomized controlled trials proved the efficacy of drug in short term treatment although different side effects such as nausea, abdominal pain and bloating, discomfort and headache were also reported. According to researches lubiprostone is more effective but costlier in comparison with Prucalopride. The higher cost of lubiprostone should be considered as a main limiting factor for using this drug (Hayat, 2019). Mizagliflozin is known as a new class of drug for treatment of chronic constipation and irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. Drug is an inhibitor of the sodium-glucose co-transporter 1(SGLT1) in the small intestine epithelium. Although according to different clinical trials Mizagliflozin increases the number of spontaneous bowel movements (SBMs) per week and exhibits dose-dependent efficacy and good tolerability, it needs more long term clinical trials to show the effect of drug in quality of life(Fukudo, 2018). Also, the effect of probiotics as a treatment for constipation is under investigation. probiotics (Bifidobacterium longum) significantly improves constipation in elderly individuals (Martínez-Martínez, 2017). Interestingly, researchers propose new insight into probiotics establishment in human gut mucosal. They suggest that human stool microbiome is more similar to lower GI taxa than upper GI. Moreover, probiotics represent temporary and person feature-dependent effect on mucosal structure and transcriptome (Zmora, 2018). Development of new therapeutic in chronic constipation provides opportunity for physicians to treat patients who experience significant constipation symptoms.
NOVEL THERAPEUTIC AGENTS IN SKIN DISEASES
(2020-09-18) Parchami Ghazaee Sepideh
Use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in feild of diagnostic and therapy is evident. They are developed to treat cancer, immune and infectious diseases (Rajewsky, 2019). Biologic agents are essential alternative for treating different skin diseases. Etanercept, infliximab and adalimumab are used to treat moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. These mAbs inhibit TNF (Tumor necrosis factor)-α and approved by FDA (US Food and Drug Administration). Also, Secukinumab and ixekizumab are anti IL-23/IL-17A receptors that received FDA approval and show high efficacy to treat plaque psoriasis. It is worthy of note that secukinumab received FDA approval for arthritic psoriasis. The biosimilars for the 3 anti–TNF-a etanercept, adalimumab and infliximab have been officiallyFDA approved since 2016 and represent a potential cost savings ( Veilleux; Shear, 2017).Dupilumab is a IL-4 receptor -α antibody that inhibits IL-4 and IL-13 signaling targeting atopic dermatitis (AD). This agent showed valid results in phase 3 trial and still under investigation by Eroupian union and Japan according to safety and efficacy. There are some other biologic agents as like Mepolizumab, Tralokinumab, lebrikizumab, Nemolizumab, Ustekinumab and Apremilast in a phase II study in the therapy of AD. (Veilleux; Shear, 2017, Del Rosso (2019).Dacarbazine and IL-2 are two new FDA approved medications for advanced melanoma, although survival rate was not improved by these drugs. Ipilimumab is a fully human mAb (IgG1) that restricts T cell activation by inhibiting cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4); drug showed these effects in phase 3 trial and enhanced survival in melanoma. Dabrafenib and and trametinib are inhibitors of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and FDA approved in melanoma. For some of these drugs response rate is high although, duration of maintenance of effect is low. Ipilimumab represent only 10.9% response rate is but with a quite high maintained response of 60% at 2 years. Pembrolizumab and nivolumab, programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) inhibitor antibodies with 30% to 40% and durable response rate. Demonstrating some adverse effects in patients giving immunotyherapy should be considered. Using lower doses with assuring response rate may minimize side effects. Pidilizumab and atezolizumab are some other PD-1 targeting agents under different phases of investigations. Biologic agents may be possible effective approaches for patients with hidradenitis suppurativa (HS).
Organization of the Pharmaceutical Business, Drug Technology and Forensic Pharmacy: Modern Trends in The Development of the Science of Pharmaceutical Law During the Covid-19 Pandemic
(Shapovalov Scientific Publishing OÜ, 2022-08-17) Tetiana Krasnianska; Mykola Ponomarenkо
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected modern trends in the training of doctors and pharmacists and their professional development. At the same time, the pandemic contributed to the development of the science of pharmaceutical law, as a basis for optimizing the legislation of Ukraine regarding the organization of pharmaceutical affairs in pharmacies and health care institutions, and thanks to modern research on the search for drug technology, it contributed to the creation of vital vaccines for the prevention of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. At the same time, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the health care and pharmaceutical industry, based on the principles of medical and pharmaceutical law, showed that specialists can minimize forensic pharmaceutical risks in the system of legal relations "doctor-patient-pharmacist-lawyer" by ensuring the access of patients, the population and health care institutions to the circulation of medicinal products of all clinical and pharmacological groups, nomenclature and legal groups and classification and legal groups, in accordance with ICD-11.

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